The Misunderstanding of Being Postcolonialism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1883 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Frankenstein Essay Did you like this example? American lawyer Loretta Lynch said Everyone wants to be seen. Everyone wants to be heard. Everyone wants to be recognized as the person that they are and not a stereotype or an image. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Misunderstanding of Being Postcolonialism" essay for you Create order A chance to be heard can be considered a basic need as a human living on this planet. There have been people groups over the years that have not had their needs met in the area of communication, denied their right to be heard. Postcolonial literature is a way to give voice to those dealing with its aftermath. Its critics are concerned with literature produced by colonial powers and works produced by those who were/are colonized (Purdue). Mary Shelleys 1818 novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus is an example of postcolonial literature. Struggles in the novel can be looked at as postcolonial in nature. What is just as important as looking at those examples is the question What is Mary Shelley trying to say? This essay will look at what postcolonialism means, the ways in which we find examples of it in Shelleys novel, and what is at the root of all of it. I think that Shelley, much like the characters in her novel and the people affected by postcolonialism, just wanted to be heard and thats why she wrote her novel. Why did Mary Shelley write Frankenstein? That is certainly the million dollar question. That is, it is the question if you think that she is the one who wrote it. John Lauritsen, a writer and editor at Pagan Press, wrote a book in 2007 titled The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein, which explains why he believes that Marys husband Percy is the one who really wrote the novel.. In a letter to the editor published in The Chronicle Review, Lauritsen states that his research indicates that Mary had little imagination or talent for writing and that the only reason that part of the original manuscript (minus Percys revisions) was in her handwriting because he was dictating it to her. Charles Robinson, an English professor at the University of Delaware published a version of Frankenstein in 2009 that had two versions side by side, one that included Percys notes, and one that didnt. One of the reasons for his findings is the difference in handwriting styles. Lauritsen discredits this, however, and were back at square one. Ive read non-scholarly conclusions during my research that Percy wrote it because Marys poor education level would be indicative of her talent level and thus be the reason she could not have been the author. This brings to mind the ongoing debate regarding the true authorship of Shakespeares works: to conclude that one could not write a work of such magnitude simply because of education level smacks of elitism. Lets assume for the purposes of this paper that Mary Shelley did indeed write this novel, so we can narrow the topic somewhat. So why did Mary write Frankenstein? Perhaps it was an attempt to deal with painful aspects of personal relationships. Anthony F. Badalamenti, in his piece Why did Mary Shelley Write Frankenstein? suggests that Mary was using the text to deal with the hurt arising from her husband Percys painful acts towards her. Calling it substitution or encoding, Badalamenti says its the unconscious way of dealing with events that are too painful to deal with within the conscious mind: Encoding brings some relief of a cathartic nature but rarely resolves underlying issues (Badalamenti 420). Not only did Percy create trust issues in their marriage, but her parents contributed to the issues in her subconscious that she has to deal with as well. Her mother Mary Wollstonecraft died eleven days after giving birth to her, and her father William Godwin still felt the need to have family and remarried a woman who had two children of her own. Both of these contributed to her sense of abandonment, and rejection, so clearly captured in the Monsters reaction to Frankenstein abandoning him. This shocking response of the creator to the birthed creation was also influenced by Marys own experience with childbirth. Her first child was a daughter born prematurely, dying a few days later. Ronald Britton, in his paper Mary Shelleys Frankenstein: what made the monster monstrous? relays a journal entry by Mary in 1815 concerning her deceased daughter: Dream that my little baby came to life againI thought that if I could bestow animation upon lifeless matter, I might, in the process of time, renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption (Britton 4). We can look at the novel as a picture of Marys experiences with birth, both with her own and with the birth of her child. This reading of the novel as dealing with birth is influenced by Marys pregnancies before and during the novels creation. Badalamenti later on in his piece says this is given weight by the length of time that Victor takes in creating the Creature (9 months). He also says that this does suggest that she was equating Victor with PercyThere is more support for the fusion idea in Victor dying at the same age Percy was when Mary finished the novel (428). Mary may have made reference to herself in the form of Safie, the beloved of Felix DeLacey. Safie is the daughter of the character in the book known only as the Turk. In a tale told by the Creature we find out that the DeLaceys end up in the cottage we find them in because of Felix, who was only trying to do the right thing by rescuing the Turk from the unjust prison sentence he received while all were in Paris. The Turk, whos only crimes seems to be that he was a foreigner with wealth and a follower of a non-Christian religion. In other words, he was distrusted by the French government because he was the other. Felixs reward was exile to the cottage in Germany. When the Turk found out that the DeLacey family were now poor cottage dwellers, he became a traitor to good feeling and honour (Shelley 101) and broke his promise to Felix and Safie of a union. Safie is betrayed by her father, who denied her love, while being motherless, much like Mary, who was also motherless and very much felt betrayal by the father as well, especially when he became estranged after the engagement to Percy. This point is made even more visible when we view the story as coming from the Creature, who could also represent Mary in the novel. This After Percy died in 1822, Mary released the novel two more times. The original (1818) we know was published anonymously. Im sure that this did not sit well with Mary and I think that was part of the reason she re-released it with her name as the author. The softening the image of Victor in these later editions gives credence to the belief that Victor was a stand-in for Percy, whether consciously or subconsciously. People often soften their anger issues towards a person when that person dies. In a male dominated profession, it was not conceivable that a tale such as Frankenstein would be written by a woman. This idea that a woman was not capable of such writing (and the reason Frankenstein was published anonymously the first time) was typical of the patriarchal system. Her publishers wanted Percys commentary on her work included so there was an implication that he perhaps wrote it. This system made Mary (and other women) feel like outsiders, being made the lesser in a relationship that clearly benefited the masculine (publishers, Percy) over the feminine (Mary, other women). Waiting till after Percy died to publish her authorship and to make changes (twice) shows that she was trying to reclaim her work. She was tired of it and did something about it. In short, she wanted to be heard. Another term for outsiders would be the other. The other is a way of defining ones self. The concept of the self cannot exist without making someone the other. By introducing the concept of the other to describe people groups outside of the normal as a way to control them, thereby making the self superior. Edward Said in his book Orientalism says that the West uses the concept of the other as a way to control the Orient, to justify its actions in the act of colonialism, and that in pointing out their otherness, thos empires of the west have a mission to enlighten, civilize, bring order and democracy (Said xxi). In his book Culture and Imperialism Said talks about how structures and locations appear in literature. In British culture and literature, one might be concerned over the way that places of power are set in the cities of England, and that they are connected to other places by making them subordinate (Said 52). Literature helped to maintain the empire by insisting that it was better in the empire. Western writers contribute to the building of authority of the West by depicting the devaluing and exploitation of the colonized lands as necessary. Saids favorite example of this is Jane Austens Mansfield Park, which shows a slave plantation owned by the character Thomas Bertram as mysteriously necessary to the poise and beauty of Mansfield Park (Said 58). Mary Wollstonecraft in her review of Olaudah Equianos Interesting Narrative says that the philosophy used to justify the treatment of the slave nations used the differences in their appearance to make them the other, degrad(ing) the numerous nationsbelow the common level of humanity, andconclude that naturedesigned to stamp them with the mark of slavery (Bugg 655). This, Bugg says, sets up Wollstonecrafts use of slavery as an analogy for gender oppression (Bugg 656) in her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Mary Shelley also tackles the case off the other in Frankenstein. The younger Mary uses the physical difference of the Creature to point out the imbalance of power between the other (Creature) and the DeLacys (European society). The first that we read of the Creature is in a letter composed by Robert Walton to his sister. He is described as a savage inhabitant of some undiscovered island (Shelley 13). It is only when the Creature starts his education (based in colonial literature) that he learns how his differences will will determine his existence (Bugg 659). His education becomes the means by which regular society (the DeLaceys) makes him feel like the other. Mary Shelley didnt have it easy. Abandoned by her mother in death and by her father when he remarried, she felt cast aside by him and looked at as a rival by her stepmom. In a society that made her feel like the other because of her sex, she looked for love and an outlet for her anger and grief. Her relationship to Percy didnt solve these issues. Her experience in getting her novel to market made her feel like the other as well. Published anonymously because no one would believe a woman could write such a novel, it probably wouldnt have been as well read either. These experiences combined with a desire to be heard galvanized literary magic into Frankenstein, making it a leading example of postcolonial literature. Mary found a voice, and in reclaiming her novel satisfied her need to be heard. Thank you.

Persuasive Essay Gifted Child - 1610 Words

The Phrase â€Å"gifted child† does not primarily mean Childs’ intellectual gifts or any tangible gift, but one with adjusted empathetic sense and thus vulnerable to emotional abuse. When pooled with a deficiency or disorder on the part of the parent- nervousness and hyper-depressive among others, the kid goes to dangerous lengths. This disease creates two personalities of the victim, the real self (the genuine character) and the false self (the fictitious character). On the other hand, the drama is not a comedy or tragedy in this setting, but the childhood life experiences. To some extent, everyone is a prisoner of her/his childhood. Each is stamped by his fate and his life as a child. Everyone was molded and shaped by the needs and desires of the parents when he depended on them for almost everything. According to Miller, it is the whole story on how the child is raised. For many years now it has been proven that the stunning results of the traumatization of kids take their unavoidable peal on the society. This information concerns every single being, and if circulated extensively enough, should lead to essential changes in humanity, above all to a standstill in the blind increase of fierceness. Childhood trauma may fuel a scope of a tireless psychiatric issue. One is the somatoform disorder, in which patients experience personal grievances with no perceptible restorative reason. Another is the frenzy issue with agoraphobia, in which patients encounter the sudden, intense onsetShow MoreRelatedThe Lively Art of Writing Chapters 1 and 2 Answers1689 Words   |  7 Pagesthat an opinion can be used as the main topic of an essay. It is based on partial knowledge of a subject where the writer thinks what seems true. In a fact, however, the statements are based on absolute certainty and can be proven if needed to. Facts cannot be used as an essay topic since no sides exist, meaning no people to persuade. 2) Although facts do not make admirable essay topics, they do provide the needed support for an opinion. If an essay is purely based on personal feelings, nothing isRead MoreEducation: The Down Fall of the U.S.1680 Words   |  7 Pagesfinding of a verbal decline of over 50 points as well as a decline of almost 40 points in mathematics. The report also included that 40% of 17 year old students could not draw inferences from written material, and only one-fifth can write a persuasive essay; and only one-third can solve a mathematics problem requiring several steps. To overcome the findings, the NCEE made 38 recommendations, divided into five categories: Content, Standards and Expectations, Time, Teaching, and Leadership and FiscalRead MoreSituational Analysis: 7th Grade Language Arts6569 Words   |  26 Pageswhole class, small group, or even pairs. 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Nor is this necessity to dramatic making any the less, however stylized the made thing may be. Oedipus Rex, surely, echoes a three-dimensionalRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesoffprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Co ntext, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® andRead MoreMarketing Plan for Entrepreneur10970 Words   |  44 Pagesinvolves providing information about products, services, or about important issues. 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The fact that it should to-day be carrying a sinister meaning merely shows how much of the child remains in the average adult. A group of citizens writes and talks in favor of a certain 22 The New Propaganda course of action in some debatable question, believing that it is promoting the best interest of the community. Propaganda? Not a bitRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCommunication 341 †¢ Nonverbal Communication 341 Organizational Communication 342 Formal Small-Group Networks 343 †¢ The Grapevine 343 †¢ Electronic Communications 345 †¢ Managing Information 349 Choice of Communication Channel 350 xiv CONTENTS Persuasive Communications 351 Automatic and Controlled Processing 351 †¢ Interest Level 352 †¢ Prior Knowledge 352 †¢ Personality 352 †¢ Message Characteristics 352 Barriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 †¢ Selective Perception 353 †¢ Information

Strategic Information System Various Internetworking System

Question: Discuss about the Report for Strategic Information System of Various Internetworking System. Answer: Introduction The importance of the strategic management of the information system compiles of the various internetworking system that are regularly used in the daily lives. The consequences of the changing of the apps in the considered restaurant provide the fruitful results for this literature review. In this part of the literature review, the description of the restaurant OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE is taken for the appropriate examination of the strategies that are seemed to be useful for the creation of the appropriate app usage in the part of the system (Wong Ma, 2013). This also helps in the creation of the consideration for the information system with thereby considering the applications used for the restaurant. The usage of the HOT SCHEDULE APP is seemed to a problematic for running the institution and thereby it also helps in the creation of the problems related to the no-option break and no come back options. Instead of this app, DEPTY app is used which is seemed to be simpler and thereby the i dea for the comparisons of these two apps helps in the creation of the appropriate system of the information systems in order to have3 the fruitful examination of the system (Keenan, 2013). The DSS is also described in this context with the utilization of the appropriate practices with the consisting system. Strategic Information System The strategic information system is defined as the system that is used by the companies to achieve the goals in a more efficient manner. It also provides the companies a competitive advantage with the creation of the goals or the motives in order to survive in the current market. As per the article of Strategic Planning for Information Systems by John Ward and Joe Peppard, provides the view of the management of the systems used in the provided organization i.e. the restaurant OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE (2016). It helps in describing the system of the execution of information systems in the organization of the restaurant OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE. The computer management with the utilization of the appropriate information system management and the execution of data helps in the creation of the competitive advantage for the utilization and control of the management properly. it also helps in the creation of the appropriate value added services to the organization and thereby providing the appropriate execution of the information in order to support the development of the internal system of the management of restaurant OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE (Lee, 2011). Henceforth it helps in redesigning of the business network, processes and the scope of the restaurant OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE. Reviewing best practices model The strategic information system helps an organization to achieve their goals and objectives. The system is implemented to achieve a competitive advantage in the market on their competitors. The outback steakhouse uses the Hot Schedule as the information system for messages, communication, roster etc. The issues associated with Hot Schedule app is that there is no option for break and the employees has to always logout and when they come back then they have to ask the manager to clock them in again. The application does not provide appropriate facilities and for this the organization want to develop an app having features such as start break, end break, clock in, timeline, working hours etc. Therefore, the implementation of Depty app under decision support system will help to overcome such problems. The application will help to support the decisions of managers and knowledge workers (2016). The schedules and working hours of the employees can be maintained with the help of Deputy app . It will also help to prepare payroll sheet, tracking productivity of the employees, improving flow of communications and assigning tasks to the employees. The main aim of the implementation of deputy application is enhance the information system of Outback Steakhouse by improving the system. The introduction of break option, clock in option, details of working hours and timeline will help to improve the system and satisfying the needs of the workers as well as managers. Decision support system plays a significant role in the management of huge data and helping the managers and knowledge workers to take decisions. The enhancement in the information system will help to increase the productive of the restaurant as well as improving the overall process of the organization. The decisions of the managers and employees are supported by this system that increases the efficiency of the departments. For an example, mathematical modeling helps to draw sketches, computer programs, mathematica l formulas and physical models (2016). The implementation of such system will enhance the information system of the restaurant. Conceptual framework The conceptual framework regarding the strategic information system used in the restaurant of OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE helps in providing the evaluations regarding the arrangement of the situational dimensions and the organizational strategies with including the information needs, information seeking and the use of the information. It also helps in represents the managerial traits that are categorized in the view of the consideration of the conceptual framework in considering the views (2016). The tools and the techniques help in representing the values that are seemed to be related to the information system department. With the creation of the specific SISP for the specific organization, the creation of the variations of the arrangement takes place in the organization. The scope of the creation of the analysis helps in the creation of the data process with the establishment of the process matrix and thereby the scope of the restaurant OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE seems to be fulfilled. Figure: Conceptual Framework of Strategic Information System Source: Luo, 2012 The creation of this framework aims in the creation of the framing of the organisational level framework with the creation of the IS planning methodologies and thereby the improvement of the competition level is seemed in the case of the creation of the competitive edge. With the modelling of the conceptual framework, the factors also affect the organisation to great extent. It also helps in representing the means of the communication system with thereby representing the modeling methods for the organization and the project team representation is also seemed to be created (Luo, 2012). Therefore the conceptual framework represents the values that are considered for the creation of focus on the values with the representation of the problems of the organization of the restaurant OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE. Decision support system Decision support system is computer based information system designed in such a way that it helps knowledge workers and middle managers to choose one of the alternative solutions to the problems. It helps to analyze huge amount of data in a faster way. With the help of decision support system Outback Steakhouse restaurant will be able to increase its market share, increase profitability, enhance quality and reduce costs. The implementation of deputy application will help the restaurant to cope up with the situation (Chiang S, 2016). It supports complex non routine solutions and helps to process data into information. The managers and technological experts can use this system in order to enhance the technological system within the restaurant. Some of the DSS are mathematical modeling, simulation, queries, what If (OLAP-Cubes) and Data mining. The implementation of deputy application under DSS will help to solve the issues that are faced by the workers of the restaurant. The main objec tive of DSS is to handle huge of data, processing data from different sources, providing presentation and report flexibility to suit the needs of the decision makers and performing sophisticated, complex and comparisons using software packages ("International Journal of Decision Support System Technology (IJDSST): 1941-6296, 1941-630X: Library IST Journals | IGI Global", 2016). The implementation of DSS supports problem solving phases which include design, choice, intelligence, monitoring and implementation. According to the research decision support system is considered to be as the most effective system of maintaining information and data as well as helps the managers to take appropriate decision. The DSS application is composed of following subsystems data management system, model management subsystems, knowledge management systems and user interface subsystem (K P, 2016). The system helps the managers in decision making processes and problem solving process. Deputy App In the article of Decision Support Models for Valuing Improvements in Component Reliability and Maintenance by Kang, Keebom, the usage of the Depty app is mentioned which provides the information of the management of the organisation helps in the creation of the appropriate element for the organisation. The values of this system also help in the creation of the appropriate management system with the consideration of the operational availability with the requirements of the assets (2016). This app also helps in the creation of the appropriate arrangement for the enhancement of the metrics with the consideration of the metrics for the restaurant OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE. It also provides the improvements in the component levels with the creation of the enhancements by myopic analysis with regarding the process of cost saving. It also helps in the enhancements of the measures related to the operational availability by considering the non-cost processes. The critical determinants also help in the creation of the response time in regarding to the measurement of the reliability in accordance to the traced footprints. It also helps in the incorporation of the key performances with the consideration of all the key performance criterias. The measures are seemed to be interrelated with the enhancement of the footprints and thereby the relays are repaired by the provision of the good response towards the utilization of the resources. It also helps in the creation of the performance with the implementation of the decision making process with thereby enhancing the views of the reliability and the maintenance of the component (Zinkhan, G., Joachimsthaler, E., Kinnear, T., 1987). The Depty app also makes the work easier with the creation of simplicity in keeping the records of the restaurant OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE. It also helps in the fastest system that needs to be followed in the organisation of OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE. Summary Decision supporting system will help the managers and knowledge workers of Outback Steakhouse to take significant decisions and managing huge data of their organization. The restaurant was facing some problems with the implementation of Hot schedule in their organization as there was no option for break, chat and clock in. Therefore, the restaurant will implement Depty application in order to cope with these problems. It will help to improve the system as well as solving the problems faced by the managers and workers. The management of data and overall process of the departments is very much important and will help to estimate the productivity of the employees as well as the organization. The employees activities can be easily tracked as well as they do not have to face problems while working. The implementation of application is important for the restaurant in order to improve their processes and maintaining huge data appropriately. Conclusion Information system plays a significant role in the development of an organization. The application of advanced system such as decision support system will increase the value of the organization as well as supporting the decisions of the managers and workers. The main aim of implementing Deputy Application is to enhance the information system with features of start break, end break, clock in ad working hour details. The decision support system helps the managers and workers to take appropriate decision. The problem solving process and decision making process is important for the developmet of an organization. References (2016). Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.471.4246rep=rep1type=pdf (2016). Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://www.sfu.ca/~vdabbagh/Chap1-modeling.pdf Chiang S, J. (2016). Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://www.zums.ac.ir/files/research/site/ebooks/Numerical%20Analysis%20and%20Scientific%20Computing/Decision_Support_Systems.pdf International Journal of Decision Support System Technology (IJDSST): 1941-6296, 1941-630X: Library IST Journals | IGI Global. (2016).Igi-global.com. Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://www.igi-global.com/journal/international-journal-decision-support-system/1120 K P, T. (2016). Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://www.ijcse.com/docs/IJCSE11-02-01-054.pdf Zinkhan, G., Joachimsthaler, E., Kinnear, T. (1987). Individual Differences and Marketing Decision Support System Usage and Satisfaction.Journal of Marketing Research,24(2), 208-214. doi:1. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3151510 doi:1 (2016). Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://samenvattingen.student.utwente.nl/images/c/cc/SMOI_2002_Samenvatting_Peppard.pdf (2016).Calhoun.nps.edu. Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/39402/Reliability_MOR_Kang_et_al.PDF?sequence=1isAllowed=y (2016). Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://borders.arizona.edu/classes/mis696a/resources/readings/Benbasat-1987-MISQ-TheCaseResearchStrategyInStudiesOfIS.pdf Keenan, P. (2013). Cloud computing and DSS: the case of spatial DSS.International Journal Of Information And Decision Sciences,5(3), 283. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijids.2013.055926 Lee, H. (2011). Service Management System for Mobile Harbor.The Journal Of Korea Information And Communications Society,36(3B), 268-274. https://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2011.36b.3.268 Luo, J. (2012).Soft computing in information communication technology. Berlin: Springer. Wong, W. Ma, T. (2013).Emerging technologies for information systems, computing, and management. New York, NY: Springer.

Ecology of Changing Planet for Degrowth Movement- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEcology of Changing Planet for Degrowth Movement. Answer: What does a donkey have to do with the concept of degrowth? Francois Schneider is associated with the degrowth movement since its inception. He travelled across France with a donkey in 2004 while raising awareness about degrowth concept. By doing this, he received attention from the public and the media and thus he used this opportunity to spread word on degrowth (Demaria, Schneider, Sekulova Martinez-Alier, 2013). After his donkey tour, he and others founded Research Degrowth which is an academic organization that also organizes international degrowth conferences. Degrowth has since grown in to a frame for social movement which allows the actors to engage in collective action for example in anti-car, cyclists or pedestrian rights campaigns (Della Porta and Diani 2006). Compare and contrast degrowth and sustainable development. Use a table to list and compare key points. The founder of the degrowth movement is Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen whose main theme is departure from economy as the central societal value. Degrowth refers to the change to a less economy with lower production and less consumption. Degrowth suggests that sustainable economic growth will result to social and environmental collapse and thus it must be downscaled. The only way to prevent resources from getting depleted is by decreasing their flows. The countries that have exceeded their allowable ecological foot print should decrease their consumption (European Commission, 2010). Sustainable degrowth seems like a suitable alternative to sustainable development but for it to succeed, adequate planning needs to take place. It will be difficult for this concept to be accepted by societies thus the need for adequate planning and preparation. For example, degrowth will mean a reduction in GDP for countries which might lead to increase in unemployment unless other initiatives have been put in place (Alier, 2009). Degrowth has the disadvantage of confronting current powers who may be unwilling to consider a no growth policy like governments and private sector leaders (European Commission, 2010). Sustainable growth pushes for an ecological transition where the use of energy and materials use is lowered and a decrease in human appropriation of net primary production. This is also an opportunity to restructure the social institutions. The world population also needs to be controlled to reduce pressure on the resources (Alier, 2009). Degrowth deals with the crisis not handled by sustainable development like loss of cultural diversity, the crisis of political representation, the crisis of meaning, the multidimensional movement of degrowth being successful in regenerating some debates that were stuck in the previous decades (Alier, 2009). Sustainable development on the other hand addresses environmental concerns while promoting economic growth. Sustainable development means economic growth that is environmentally sustainable (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). It involves meeting the current generation needs without affecting the future generations ability to meet theirs regarding use of the natural resources and waste. It is a balance where human beings meet their needs while taking care of the ecosystem and not destroying the diversity (Morelli, 2013). Meaningful sustainability focuses on balanced interaction between people and the environment they live in. Below is a comparison of sustainable development and degrowth. Figure 1: Sustainable development vs Degrowth Sustainable Development Degrowth 1 Opens up space for negotiation and discussions over relationship between the environment and development Challenges how this negotiation space is functioning 2 Promoting economic growth which addresses environmental concerns Less economy, lower production and less consumption. 3 Economic growth that is sustainable Downscale the economy as economic growth will lead to social and ecological collapse 4 Use resources to meet current needs without compromise of future generation to meet theirs Decrease resource flows as the only way to ensure they are not depleted 5 Sustainable use of resources Decrease consumption in countries that have exceeded their allowable ecological foot print 6 Sustainable means of production for example use of sustainable sources of energy like solar Change production and the consumption patterns 7 Nations are requested to commit to sustainable measures and is regulated It is democratic meaning it is voluntary and participatory Is ecosystem fragility a term that can be found in Folke et al. (2004)? If not, what terms would Folke use to describe a fragile ecosystem? (worth 10 points) A fragile ecosystem would be described as one that does not have resilience. The resilience of the environment can be eroded and its self repairing capacity should therefore not be taken for granted therefore the ecosystem needs to be actively strengthened in order to support social and economic development (Folke, et al., 2004). Ecosystem resilience can be described as the amount of disturbance that an ecosystem can experience before it changes its state. It can also be described as ability of the ecosystem to absorb disturbance and reorganize so that it retains similar functions or structure and identity. b) Apparently, Folke et al. (2004) believe that all ecosystems are potentially fragile when certain conditions exist. Explain what conditions should be measured/monitored over time in order to determine if an ecosystem is fragile. (worth 10 points) The conditions that need to be measured to determine if an ecosystem is fragile include vigor, resilience and organization. Vigor is measured from empirical measures that quantify the magnitude of input available to an ecosystem (GPP) or the economic activity of an ecosystem which is measured in dollars per unit time. Organization is more difficult to quantify as it requires measuring diversity and the magnitude of system components and their exchange pathways in between them. Resilience is measured using a ratio of magnitude of stress and recovery time (MS/RT) (Costanza Mageau, 1999). c) Sometimes ecosystems are described as being stable and healthy. What key variables need to be measured and over what timeframe must these things be assessed before we can conclude that an ecosystem of any type is stable and healthy? Provide examples. (worth 10 points) A healthy and stable ecosystem is one that is sustainable meaning it has the capacity to maintain its structure and function even when faced by external stress over time(Costanza Mageau, 1999). A healthy system possesses resilience to survive small disturbances and the time it takes to recover from that stress. Table 1 below shows the three components of system heath and concepts and measurements in different fields. Table 2: Components of vigor, organization and resilience measurements in various fields. Source: (Costanza Mageau, 1999). Measuring resilience is difficult as it means being able to predict the dynamics of a system under stress. Recovery time (RT) can be used to measure the time a system takes to recover from stress. Maximum magnitude of stress (MS) can be measure by steadily increasing the amount of simulated stress until the system changes to a new steady state and record the amount of stress that caused the change. The overall measure of stress will then be found from the ratio MS/RT. This is shown in the figure below, incorporating the two measures of resilience integrated in to one quantitative measure. Figure 3: Two components of resilience combined in to a quantitative measure Identify characteristics that make an ecosystem resilient. (worth 10 points) The characteristics of a resilient ecosystem include the ability to withstand disturbances before shifting to a different state. A resilient ecosystem is able to withstand disturbance and can reorganize and retain its function, identity and structure. It is that ability of the ecosystem to reorganize after disturbances and change and its renewal. Resilience shows the degree to which an ecosystem is able to self organize and to what extent the system will increase capacity to learn and adapt. A resilient system is able to maintain its structure and behavior pattern while faced with stress (Costanza Mageau, 1999). Question 4. Describe at least one modern agricultural practice that the authors claim has resulted in i, ii, iii as noted in the above quote. Clearly explain what the practice is and what it does that contributes to i, ii, iii. (worth 15 points) One modern agricultural practice is the use of chemical pesticides and insecticides which is used to control pests and thus reduce crop losses. However, this usually affects the organisms population and the species stability in the ecosystem. Their intensive use interferes with natural mechanisms thus loss of diversity of plants and insects and alters the composition of species (Mishra, et al., 2015). The use of pesticides excessively reduces the population of the pests and predators but will also lead to increase of other species of pests. It also affects other cross pollinator species like honey bees and wild bees. It also makes crops reliant on the artificial treatments thus making insects develop stronger resistance to the plant defense mechanisms. 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